Grammar in Use 笔记

2016-03-26  Beijing

主要的时态

  • past(I did)

  • present continuous(I am doing)

  • present simple(I do)

  • past simple(I did)

  • past continuous(I was doing)

  • present perfect(I have done)

  • present perfect continuous(I have been doing),强调从过去到现在的一个过程.

  • present perfect simple

  • past perfect(I had done)

  • past perfect continuous(I had been doing)

  • anybody 要用单数形式修饰:Is anybody listening to the radio or can I turn it off?

    • Is anybody sitting here?

  • The train is never late,it always leaves on time.

  • be always doing sth. 一般情况下,用I always do sth.表示自己一直做什么事,be always doing sth.表示并不每次发生,但是发生的次数比正常的要多.

    • You’re always watching television.You should do something more active.

    • I’ve lost my key again.I’m always losing things.

  • This room smells.Let’s open a window.

  • It(this) is the first time somebody has done sth.

    • It’s the first time he has driven a car.

  • How long have you (been)…

    • How long have they been married?

    • But we use simple with always: John has always lived in London.

    • We use present perfect simple in negative sentences:

      • I haven’t seen Tom since Monday.

      • Jane hasn’t phoned me for two weeks.

  • Have you had had a holiday recently?

  • 想问别人时间的时候可以说:

    1. Do you have the time?

    2. Have you got the time?

  • have 和 have got 都可以用来表示有,但是在过去式中,用had(不用had got).

  • used to

    1. "Something used to happen" = something happened regularly in the past but no longer happens.

      • I used to play tennis a lot but I don’t play often now.

      • Diane used to travel a lot.These days she doesn’t go away so often.

    2. We also use used to … for somethins was true .

      • I’ve started drinking coffee recently.I never used to like it before.

      • Janet used to have very long hair when she was a child.

    3. used to 的疑问形式为did (you) use to …

      • Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child?

  • be used to doing sth.习惯于某事

  • I am used to living alone.

  • I am doing sth.可以用于表示未来已经安排好的事情.

    • Alex is getting married next month.(不要用 will get)

  • Present simple(I do) with a future meaning:we use the present simple when we talk about timetables,programmes etc.(for example,for public transport,cinemas etc):

    • The train leaves Plymouth at 11.30 and arrives in London at 14.45.

    • What time does the film begin?

如果一个人的计划订的像时间表,也可以用一般现在时:

  • I start my new job on Monday.

  • What time do you finish work tomorrow?

但是描述个人安排时,进行时更常见:

  • What time are you meeting Ann tomorrow?

  • be doing 和 be going to do表示未来的差别

    • We normally use I am doing(present continuous) when we say what we have arranged to do.

      • I’m leaving tomorrow.I’ve got my plane ticket.

    • 'I am going to do ' = I’ve decided to do it(but perhaps not arranged to do it);

      • 'The windows are dirty.' 'Yes, I know.I’am going to clean them later.'(=I’ve decided to clean them but I haven’t arranged to clean them).

  • was going to (do something)= I intended to do it but didn’t do it.

  • Do not use will to talk about what you have already decided or arranged to do.We often use will in those situations:

    1. Offering to do sth.

      • That bag looks very heavy.I will help with it.

    2. Agreeing to dong something.

      • A:You know that book I lent you.Can I have it back if you’ve finished with it? B:Of course.I’ll give it to you this after noon.

    3. Promising to do sth.

      • I won’t tell anyone what happend.I promise.

    4. Asking somebody to do sth.(Will you …?)

      • Will you please be quiet?I’m trying to concentrate.

不规则动词

常用不规则动词和音标